Elizabeth Costello in J.M Coetzees in relation to the theme of Kafkas works Essay Example for Free

Elizabeth Costello in J.M Coetzees in relation to the theme of Kafkas works Essay Elizabeth Costello is a humane, ethical and uncompromising creation of Coetzee. In Coetzee’s book The Lives of Animals, Costello is used to describe her dislike and rejection of the rationality of the criteria justifying the unequal treatment of animals. Costello claims that the purpose of the book is to clarify that to differentiate beings with regard of their species is a form of discrimination, indefensible and immoral. Costello also maintains that she had chosen the path not because she was not aware of the crucial kind of thoughts and sentiments of respect regarding other creatures, but because the reason was more universal and compelling to appeal. Costello maintains though she admired those who eliminated speciesism form their lives due to their compassionate regard for other creatures she did not believe a pressure to empathy and good-heartedness only would prove to majority of the people into the wrongness of speciesism. Nevertheless, the messages Costello portrays are not from the invisible world although from the invisible of this world most cases the voiceless like animals that she can access by imagination. She is not worried with other earthly, disembodied voices, although this-worldly, embodied and embedded voices, dead or alive perpetrators fictional or historical. The human critics such as Costello are opposed to the authority of the world of other world as he is to the powers of this world. Costello proclaims that there is not any salvation to be brought into being in an afterlife in immortality. Costello is midwife not to immortal Forms, although a mortal voices and to being of the voices. The power of imagination stays not only in its potential to stir up and listen to other voices and to enter into speaking for other including for the voiceless but also use narrative to depiction literature in the particular work of narrative that rationally is divine spark that raises mankind above the rest of nature therefore in showing our continuity with animal-kind which allows us to regain our death, our humanity and imperfectness. The similarities between Costello and Socrates are outstanding, and are more striking than their differences. Similar to Socrates, Costello attempts to prompt persons to realize their humanity, to open their hearts, to the anguish of animals. Costello just like Socrates is faced by unfairness, which in her case is the discrimination of specialism, which she attempts to dispel with counter-illusions. â€Å"What does one choose the side of justice when it is not in one’s material interest to? The magistrates give the rather Platonic answer: because we are born with the idea of justice. † (Paola, et al. , 95). In The Lives of Animals the disregarded has come to take account of non-human animals. Costello is convinced that there is a crime regarding animals as stupid that is perpetrated towards animals. Costello challenge is to attempt to extend justice to animals especially to those that resemble humans. In Socrates, Plato’s mouthpiece in the Republic, spends the whole discussion arguing for justice suggesting that it is better to live rightly and show to be unjust than being unjust with all material rewards that come by and yet show to be just, Costello ends her speech by saying that proof points in the opposite direction and that individuals can do anything and get away with it that there is no reprimand. In The Poets and the Animals Costello disapproves the ecological approach to animals suggested by Plato since Plato’s perception implies that only human beings can understand the position of living things in the entire picture of natural world and as a result solely have the right to manage animal populations not including human population. Therefore (Paola, et al. , 102), might have valid point which is that a person should not enforce principled vegetarianism on a society but its misdirected as a disapproval of the position of Costello since she had gone to the great lengths to disapprove reason as decisive criterion of moral worth and as an only means to live an ethical life. Costello maintains that it is not right to construe the animal rights movement like imposing vegetarianism upon free citizens. Instead it appears as protecting the interests and the rights of nonhuman animals, guarding animals form exploitation, though this might as well lead to outlawing the eating of meat. Nevertheless, is clear that just as Coetzee distrusts commitment to moral principles he is suspicious of certain notions of justice. Coetzee and Costello’s aim is to alter the heart of individuals through feeling, friction and compassionate imagination instead of enforcing a large-scale utopian changing of society as purportedly stated by reason. Costello is perceived as arrogantly superior and as heralding a foreign set of values that of fighting for animal rights in opposition to blindly anthropocentric culture, and both individuals made numerous enemies by courageously inquiring the prejudices of the people around them. The arrogance of Costello can be demonstrated by certain members his audience anger having their discrimination and lack of knowledge exposed. In addition, Costello seems to be earnestly attempting to break through the shadows of ignorance and prejudice with the light of her imaginative sympathy and is ready to admit that she dose not understand that she could be correct â€Å"Am I fantasizing it all? I must be mad! † (Derek, 69). Costello might be ironically aware that some of her images might be imaginative for example when she gives anthropomorphic feelings to ape, Sultan: â€Å"In his deepest being Sultan is not interested in the banana problem. Only the experimenter’s single-minded regimentation compels him on it. The question that truly occupies him, as it occupies a rat and the cat and other animal trapped in hell f the laboratory or the zoo, is: where is home, and how do I get there? † (Stephen, 69). Costello was attempting to get her audience to think, feel and imagine that in new ways about something persons do not care to regard at all, specifically their use and abuse of animals: certainly she desires people to imagine how it would experience in the place of an exploited animal a state of powerlessness. Costello believes the mission will awaken individuals form their assertive sleep. Costello does not attempt to reject the reason for the infallibility and its assertion to make a distinction between animals and human beings and therefore doe not give good reason for the exploitation of animals. In The Lives of Animals, Coetzee portrays Costello as a Socrates figure. The analysis starts with â€Å"What is Realism? † since it was first in 1997, prior to its publishing in Elizabeth Costello in 2003. The Socratic and Platonic ideologies are clearly evident in this story strengthens the contention that Costello plays a role as Socratic figure in The Lives of Animals. Certainly, Coetzee refers to this story in his fist foot note of The Lives of Animals therefore further sustaining this perspective. In â€Å"What is Realism? † Platonic ideas are crucial to the story. Even though Coetzee keeps interrupting his realist mode and drawing attention to the fact that it is an undertaking therefore suggesting that realism and certainly all fiction deals with imaginations and there are times the power of fiction to attain immortality is asserted though always ironical. The depiction to the monkeys echoes Costello’s discussion of Kafka’s ape, suggesting that artistic creation is what differentiates humans from other animals. The story of Socrates might also illuminate other features of Elizabeth Costello, as described in The Lives of Animals, namely her reference to her embodiedness and her mortality. A similar relationship takes place between Costello and Coetzee, and in spite of his undeniable intellectual contributions as a public thinker, Coetzee remains retiring and an imaginary figure. On the other hand Costello is depicted as heavily embodied throughout Elizabeth Costello and The Lives of Animals. Behind every dialogue of Plato Socrates emerges and there is a consciousness of the fact that Socrates will be executed by the Athenian democracy for impiety and corruption of the youth. The same feeling of Costello’s mortality, together with a declining sense of desire, accompanies all Coetzee’s works in which he is featured. Therefore when Costello cannot be regarded as a martyr for her beliefs as did the Socrates there is nevertheless a feeing in which she is dying for her beliefs. Costello’s own mortality and feeling of her mortality heightens her compassion for animals that are being bred in numerous numbers and when still healthy and young are being exploited for experimentation, hunting testing and slaughter. â€Å"After a long flight, Costello is looking at her age. She has never taken care of her appearance; she used to be able to get away with it; now it shows. Old and tired. † (Stephen, 3). These illustrations continue in the beginning of the first paragraph of The Lives of Animals: He is waiting at the gate when her flight comes in. Two years have passed since he last saw his mother; despite himself, he is shocked at how she has aged. Her hair, which had had sneaks of gray in it, now was entirely white; her shoulders stoop; her flesh has grown flabby. In Costello’s speeches death is recurrent topic, in a sense The Lives of Animals reads like a memento mori for Coetzee himself. John (Costello’s son) guesses that his mother was about to talk about death. John dose not enjoy Costello talking about death and in addition her audience who majority consists of young people do not want any talks regarding death. Costello goes ahead in comparing the mass killing of animals in abattoirs to the mass killings of Jews in Nazi death camps. All through her speech, Costello talk about and describes the Nazi death camps and she returns to discuss death while talking about Nagel’s bat-being. â€Å"What I know is what a corpse does not know: that it is extinct, that it knows nothing and will never know anything more. For an instant, before my whole structure of knowledge collapses in panic, I am alive inside that contradiction, dead and alive at the same time. † (Derek, 32). Costello’s talk about lives of animals can be more or less lessened to her own solitude, seclusion and awareness of her own human mortality and all that she required was compassionate interaction with other human beings. In Slow man Costello is illustrated as returning rejuvenated. In The Lives of Animals, when Costello starts her conversation, she returns to her use of Kafka earlier in another speech, â€Å"What is Realism? † in which she identifies with Kafka’s ape, Red Peter. In both cases Costello points her similarity with Red Peter in that they are both salaried entertainers performing before a literate audience. Afterwards in her speech, Costello returns again to Kafka, and uses the terminologyâ€Å" amanuensis† two times with reference to the association between Kafka and his imaginative creation, the ape Red Peter (Franz, 35). The meaning of â€Å"amanuensis† is a person employed to take dictation or to copy manuscripts. The use of the phrase is not usual since it implies that Kafka the author took dictation from Red Peters in his imaginative creation. The same case applies in the relation between the writer Coetzee and Costello his imaginative creation. In the two cases, the normal causal association between the author and the character, creature and creator is interchanged. Costello and Red Peters are used by the authors as creatures that have an artistic reliability, a life of their own, which the authors have represented faithfully. The authors have respected the individual beings and voices of these creations. The two creations are required to come across as living animals and not just the ideal of animals. In â€Å"What is Realism? † Costello disputes that the greatness of Kafka is that Kafka stays awake during the gaps when people are sleeping. † WORKS CITED Derek, Attridge, J. M. Coetzee and the Ethics of Reading: Literature in the Event. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2004. Stephen, Mulhall, The Wounded Animal: J. M. Coetzee the Difficulty of Reality in Literature and Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. Paola, et al. , The Death of the Animal: A Dialogue, New York: Columbia University Press: 2009. Franz, Kafka, The Diaries of Franz Kafka 1910–23 . London: Vintage, 1999.

Essay --

Sigmund Freud, probably the most famous psychologist and most controversial of the twentieth century, has helped shaped how we consider our views of the world. His theories bring forth a new kind of thinking to the psychology world and show why we think them. It’s a way many don’t think but may put forth the reasoning to it. There are many though that think Freud was just another crazy psychologist that was on drugs. Though his many proofs behind his major theories such as: the conscious and unconscious mind, the Id, Ego, and Superego, psychosexual theory, and others as well, can prove why it wasn’t just a drug trip Freud was on. The mind is divided up into three sections according to Freud. It consists of the conscious, preconscious, and the unconscious mind. In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the conscious mind consists of everything inside of our awareness. (Psychology) This part of the mind is known for keeping hold of our senses, memories and perception in our awareness. This part of our mind can tie into our preconscious mind as well, through the things we aren’t aware of though when thought about its presence is in our conscious mind now. The preconscious mind is the part of the mind that represents ordinary memory. (Psychology) We can remember this stuff and always pull it back into our conscious mind whenever needed. This makes much sense towards Freud’s thinking bringing forth a tie between the conscious mind and preconscious, showing how we can do things in our conscious mind and be stored in our preconscious for later use. The third part of our mind is the unconscious mind. The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. (P... ...st of a person's life and the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. (Psychology) This stage represents how an individual is most interested in one’s pleasure seeking thoughts such as relationships and or sexual thoughts. This can compromise how we humans think and how we react to many things. It all does seem like this information doesn’t make sense though it all seems to tie in to each other. All these theories tie into each other and have some proof behind each one. It all seems reasonable when too many and is always used as a reference in the psychology world. There are many critics towards Freud’s work due to the time period he was living in and how much it influenced his thinking. Others put forth how the drugs he was on may have caused to him to think all these theories though with the proof behind some of them it can go either way.

International Student Organization

International student organization. East Carolina University is a university with enrollment around 30,000 students; 299 of them is international students from 67 countries. When students choose to attend the university; they begin a new part of life. Many students go to study in other cities, and some students go to other countries. America is a very popular and high-class education that is valued all over the world, and of course a lot of students from other countries want to get a degree here.People in different countries behave differently: religion, ethnicity, geographic location and quality of life plays an important role in the behavior of people. Therefore, students that come to America from other countries have more difficulty than those who were born and raced here. Foreign students need time to adjust to a different culture, a different language, and many other things.A possible way for international student to deal with the complexities of ECU joins the International Stud ent Organization (ISA). The ISA help international students understand American culture and feel more like at home by having festivals, shopping and field trips and a lot of different events. The ISA , one of over 200 student organizations at ECU, is mostly composed of foreign exchange students, or students who were not born in America although. The meetings and club are open to anyone who wants to join.The main reason it was setup was to give international students an opportunity to gain a greater understanding of the American culture in part through a campus experience, and also to offer non-international ECU students, with an interest in one cultures, knowledge and experience in working with individuals from other backgrounds. It also allows international and American students to share experience and learn about other cultures at personal point of view.The ISA cooperating with International House provides a special orientation for international students through the â€Å"First f riend program† (FFP) so that new students do not feel lonely. International Ports O’Call stage of PirateFest The International student organization was involved in many activities and events. One of the biggest events in which ISA was involved in was the Pirate festival. PirateFest gives international students a chance to share their culture to help others understand them etter. This â€Å"annual event celebrates eastern North Carolina's rich history steeped with famous pirates, including the infamous Blackbeard and Greenville's own Pirates of ECU† (Mike Davis), and encourages people to wear pirate regalia-hats, swords, and eye patches. The festival is held over two days and is composed of different stages, each of which represents a different event. The event feature food, art and crafts vendors and also musical and stage performers.Historical trolley tours stage is a very useful and interesting part of the festival because it's a great way to move around the fe stival especially for international students who do not know the location of streets in the city. One of the most interesting stages for international students was the â€Å"International Ports O'Call† because includes music, food, and attractions from nations around the world, and it will definitely help international students to feel more like at home and make it hard to forget about their culture.For international students who are coming to study in another country it is hard to find friends. It is not easy to get used to the different behavior of people and be open to new acquaintances. Therefore, and in cooperation with ISA the international house created the program called â€Å"First friend program†(FFP). To be involved in FFP both mentor and mentee must fill out an application, which has questions that help determine the background, interests, preferences and other information needed to help decide the best mentee-mentee match.The FFP is really easy because by filling out an application you know that you'll meet someone who has same interests as you. The FFP helps international students to adjust to life at ECU as quickly and smoothly as possible, and also enhance satisfaction with their academic and social experience. This program is very useful for students because they will not feel lonely and homesick, they are able to meet new friends and also international students can learn the nuances of culture from the inside, as well as be more successful in learning.Besides homework, tests and grades, a student social life is fun, but it is not always easy to find entertainment that are always enjoy. Many international students don't have a car and therefore their possibilities are limited, but the international house â€Å"every Friday makes shopping trips†(William Mallett). Drivers take students where they want to go and take them back to residence after shopping. Also every Thursday students can go to greenway excursions. Playing sp orts and socializing in the fresh air, very useful and at the same time you can see new parts of the city as well as make new friends.Most people believe that studying in a different country is a privilege because they are able to experience other cultures, and learn from them. However, in the United States it is not as good as they thought because International students have much more pressure being in this country, and sometimes they cannot handle it very well. Therefore, in the United States the life of an international student is very unfavorable if people compare it to the life of an American student.International students have to learn a new language to study, they cannot work while studying, and their tuition is much more expensive. When people moves to the United Stated to study they imagine that it will be very helpful, and they believe that learning a new language will not be a problem. However, when they really start studying their major, they find out that it is not easy since people have to really understand and appreciate the language. International students have to really learn English, and they have to know how to write it in order to have success.Also, for them to have success in university they have to participate in class, and analyze an amount of readings, and because they are international students, it is very difficult to achieve since they believe that Americans are going to laugh at them or make jokes of them if they say something incorrectly. For example, some Americans do not realize sometimes how hard is for international students being in a different country, with different people, learning a new language, and experiencing different cultures, so some of them do not really appreciate the effort that international students put on being in the United States.It’s way more pressure for international students. They have to have good grades and work as hard as possible, because if not people back home going to put a lot of shame on them and their parents. Studying in different country it is always competition for international students, but if students choose right University where people care about international students and trying to help it shouldn’t be that hard.International student organization definitely helps students from other countries feel more comfortable and less homesick, so they can you do best in classes to compete with other student on the same level. Work cited. Mike,Davis. â€Å"Arrrgh you ready for Pirate Fest? † East Carolinian, 12 April 2012 . Web. 1 November. Mallet,William â€Å"International Student Organization. † 30 october. 2012 [email  protected] edu Personal page Office of International Affairs www. ecu. edu/intlaffairs/

Internet Security And The Internet - 1275 Words

Internet Security The internet is a vast labyrinth of data for users to access. The internet is vast and complex; therefore, it is essential that a user have a fundamental understanding to the power and risks associated to using it. Much like the vast expanse of outer space, much of the internet is not understood and can be scary to become lost in. Protecting the data that is available on the internet is a daunting task with nearly zero possibility of complete protection. Sensitive data is often the target of insidious hackers seeking notoriety or financial gain from stealing it. How can anyone expect to protect this data from human or machine interfaces when the security is created by a person or machine? The data is doomed from the†¦show more content†¦Regrettably, the convenience of online shopping also brings great risk to those that utilize it; however, there are a multitude of online shoppers that feel information security will self-manage given ample time (Miyazaki F ernandez, 2001). While this may seem naà ¯ve, it warrants merit as many major banking institutions will forgive debt incurred due to fraudulent activities against customers’ accounts. Specific Risks to Data on the Internet Commonly used tactics are prevalent on the internet; in fact, browser attacks have escalated exponentially towards internet users (Bugliesi, Calzavara, Focardi Khan, 2015). In fact, browser attacks looking for cookies present such grave danger that Bugliesi, Calzavara, Focardi Khan (2015) stated â€Å"modern web browsers implement native protection mechanisms based on the HttpOnly and Secure flags to shield session cookies from unintended access by scripts injected into HTML code, as well as by sniffers tapping the client–server link of an HTTP connection† (p. 509). Yet another serious risk factor to internet use is browser attacks, which are insidious brute force attacks that savvy hackers will impose; consequently, consumers will oftentimes enter a password to confirm an order and verify the intent of an order (Jing-Jang, Yi-Chan Gen-Yih, 2015). 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Night Collecting Insects With a Black Light Sheet

Entomologists often collect night-flying insects using a black light and sheet. The black light is suspended in front of a white sheet. Insects attracted to ultraviolet light fly toward the light, and alight on the sheet. Professional night collecting equipment often consists of a durable white sheet attached to a collapsible frame, constructed from aluminum tubes like to the frame of a camping tent. The black light is suspended from a cord running from the top of the sheet to the ground, or is mounted on a tripod on one or both sides of the sheet. For an amateur insect collector, purchasing this equipment can be expensive. You can make your own night collecting equipment to save money. While your homemade collecting equipment might take a little longer to set up, it will work just as well as equipment purchased commercially. You will need: a length of rope, long enough to span the width between two trees in your chosen collecting areaa black lightan old white sheetclothespins (optional)a power source for your light, if its not battery-operated Tie the rope so it spans between two trees, at about eye level. Make sure you tie it securely, so it will hold the weight of your sheet without drooping. Drape the white sheet over the rope, allowing 1-2 feet of the sheet to lie horizontally on the ground. Some insects prefer to land on vertical surfaces, while others like horizontal surfaces. The latter group will collect on the part of your sheet that is lying on the ground. If your sheet is not long enough, you may need to attach the sheet to the rope using clothespins to allow extra length on the ground. Black lights sold by science or entomology supply companies tend to be more rugged and last longer for outdoor use. You may be able to buy a less expensive black light from a discount or party supply store. If you dont have a black light, you can use an incandescent light, a portable fluorescent light, or even a camping lantern, and still get a good result. Suspend your black light in front of the sheet, near the top. You can tie the light from a branch using some extra rope, or run another length of rope between the trees and attach the light to it. If you use a battery-operated light, you will have more flexibility in locating your collecting sheet. A light that uses AC power may require a long extension cord. At dusk, turn your light on. Monitor the sheet periodically, checking for interesting specimens to collect or photograph. You can use forceps or an aspirator to collect moths, beetles, or other insects that land on your sheet without damaging them.

Essay on Identification and Matrix Analysis of an...

Introduction â€Å"Cargill is an international marketer, processor and distributor of agricultural, food, financial and industrial products and services.† (Kneen, 2002, p. 1) Cargill is one of the leading global companies today in the food and agricultural industries (MarketWatch, 2010). Cargill was established in 1865 and has since grown to employe 142,000 employees in 67 countries and is currently the largest privately held company in the US (Cargill: Our History, 2014). Because Cargill is such a massive company this paper will focus of the food ingredients systems platform better known as FIS (pronounced fizz) within the company. According to Armstrong (2012), a SWOT analysis is one of the most analytical used tools. He explains that this†¦show more content†¦4. Strong RD department. Cargill had a very strong research and development department. A shining example of the fruits that have emerged from Cargill’s RD is Truvia. Truvia was the worlds first availab le â€Å"no-calorie sugar substitute† that had origins from a plant (Paynter, 2011). Cargill is the company that first came out with this product made from the stevia plant. The company employes 1,3000 RD professionals that includes chemists, microbiologists to nutritionists (Cargill: RD People, 2014). 5. Privately held company. Cargill, being a privately held company only answers to the family shareholders who own it. In a public company there are typically hundreds of shareholders all whom get to vote, Cargill only has the family members and ESOP shares to contend with. Having a long-term vision is also much easier when a company is privately held. 6.Customized solutions. Cargill offers customized solutions to its’ customers. Because there is such a high focus on RD Cargill is able to develop â€Å"differentiated and customized products† for customers. 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Professional and Ethical Issues in Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Professional and Ethical Issues in Nursing. Answer: Introduction There are several legal and ethical issues which are abundant in the nursing practices. Nurses are responsible to take care of their client by providing them with best quality care, keeping personal data of the clients confidential, ensuring a planned and legal approach towards decision making and working towards the best interest of the patients (Johnstone, 2015). These ethical issues may also arise from the concept of equity, justice along with cost and time of care. It is the duty of nurses to make ethical decisions with respect to their patients and also to ensure that they support the patients with best of their effort to ensure that they are able to take their decisions appropriately. Nurses should follow the code of practices along with legal principles in order to ensure that they adequately address such issue and are able to provide quality care to the patients. Models designed for the purpose of making decisions with respect to nursing practices supports the process of decisions making by nurses along with providing them with few extra benefits. In the case of nursing no answer can be held as a right answer, a right answer is an answer which is supported by the strongest possible reason. A systematic approach which guides a person towards what to do and what not to do is known as ethics. There are several laws like the Mental Capacity Act 2000 in Singapore and other common law principles of equity, autonomy, beneficence and obligation which guides the nurses with respect to decision making for their patients (Jackson, Girvin Davidson, 2014). Relevant Facts In the first scenario the patient is a 56 year old man who is suffering from terminal illness and is on a heavy medicine dose. The extra pain reliving dosage provided to him is not liked by him and he wishes the doctors to stop such dosages as he thinks that they are pointless anyways (Jackson Hutchinson, 2015). Legal and Ethical Issue The major issue which the nurses face in this case is to determine that whether such treatment should be provided to the patient against his will or not. The few regulatory guides provided by the the nursing boards in Singapore and Australia include the concept of Autonomy of decisions, obligation and working towards the best interest of the patient. Autonomy of Decision The concept of independence is addressed through the principle of autonomy (Cleary et al., 2013). Applying the principles of autonomy in this case it can be determined that independence of decision making has to be provided to Mr. B in accordance with his wish. According to the ethical code of practices for nurses, the patient has to be provided with all information which would help him determine his condition and subsequently make a decision which addresses the problem. However if the principle of autonomy is applied in this case the patent will be vulnerable to more pain and distress (Kangasniemi, Stievano Pietil, 2013). Beneficence According to the ethical principle of beneficence it is the duty of health care practitioners to build a good relationship with the patient so that he develops a sense of trust and bestows his faith in the service providers (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2013). However if the principle of beneficence is applied in this case it than the practitioner would have to compromise on the principles of obligation and acting towards the best interest of the clients (Jones Kelly, 2014). Obligation According to the principle of obligation and best interest action it is the duty of the nurses to ensure that the best quality treatment is provided to the patient by ensuring that he receives treatment which is necessary for him (Blais, 2015). In this case the doctor thinks that it is necessary to continue the extra dosage of medication as it would cause pain and distress to Mr. B otherwise. However if in this case these principles are applied it would defeat the principles of independence and Beneficence. Relevance of Issue This contradictory problem faced by nurses in the course of their duty is one of the most significant issues which arise out of the professional practices (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2013). Nurses are in a dilemma of understanding what the right approach towards addressing the problem is. In this case the reason provided by the doctor towards continuing the medication cannot be judged as a right or a wrong decision. However it has to be analyzed that how strong is the reasoning behind such a decision. Mr. B is aware that he is suffering from a terminal illness and any treatment to him is just a temporary relief. Reasonable Approach In this case if such illness would not have been terminal than the reason behind the doctors decision would have been strong enough however in the present condition importance has to be given to the wish of the patient. The nurses may support him to understand the problems with his decision but the final decision must be in accordance to his wish. The Legal and Ethical Issue In this case RN Z has committed a fatal error which has led to a cardiac arrest to of of the patients. In this scenario the primary issue is question would be the concept of negligence and the duty of care which a nurse owes towards the patient. R N Z has negligently interchanged the required medication which has resulted in fatal consequences for the patient. It has to be noted that she was not accompanied by ED to the cubicle so as to ensure appropriate administration. The patient is the only earning member of the family and has two daughters. Nursing malpractice and nursing negligence is the situation when harm is sustained by the patient because of the failure of the nurse to comply with her duty (Engel Prentice, 2013). Making it simple, nursing negligence occurs when there is a breach of duty of care owed by the nurses towards their patients and such harm caused to the patient was foreseeable (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). In Australia and Singapore nursing negligence is much more than a mistake or an error. The Singapore nursing board provides a code of conduct for the nurses to follow towards the quality of care provided by them to the patient (Cole, Wellard Mummery, 2014). Professional conduct standards are also provided by the the Nursing and Midwifery Board Australia. Relevance of the Issue The duty of care which a nurse owes towards the patients is of utmost important. Any small mistakes and errors can result in fatal circumstance like what can be seen in this case. Nurses are liable to be held accountable for any of their actions towards providing best quality care to the patients. It is the duty of the nurse to ensure that she seeks advice from the charge nurse or the supervisor before she continues to provide care towards the patient. It is the duty of RN to follow the guide and action plan provided to them by their superiors without any mistake. Nurses frequently proceed with their duties without waiting for proper supervision and this subjects the patient to the risk of negligence. Nurses must wait till they do not receive proper guidance and advice from their supervisors with respect to their actions when they are doing an act which requires supervision. According to NBV guidelines for delegation and supervision it is the duty of the nurse to delay the treatment till the supervisor is free to assist them. The guidelines also provide that midwives and nurses should be held accountable for actions and decision which they inherit in the course of work. These actions include personal efficiency of nurses towards providing care. The concept of accountability provided by the code is both ethical as well as legal. Correct or Reasonable Approach In this scenario the best approach which would have been taken by the RN Z is that she should have delayed the treatment till she received supervision by the ED. In case where such delay was not possible it was the duty of RN Z to ensure that she commits no mistake towards here activity and understand the degree of seriousness involved in the activity. RN Z actions have proved to be fatal for the patient who is the only earning member of the family therefore RN Z has to be held accountable for breach of duty of care and subsequently negligence. The Professional Issue The main issue which has to be analyzed in this part of the assignment is about reporting of professional malpractices within the system. In this scenario substantial evidence is present against nurse B which signifies that she has been involved in professional malpractices which can have significant ill effect on providing quality care. In the present scenario Nurse B is a single mother who needs the job to look after her children and if evidence is provided against her she would lose the job. According to the Conduct statement 2 of the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia nurses should base their practice on professional standards along with broader health system (Ion Lauder, 2015). Explaining this code of conduct further it can be determined that it is the duty of nurses to protect the interest of their colleagues, partners along with their family members in accordance with broader standards of safety, quality and accountability in health care (Gastmans, 2013). These practices may involve incident reporting, open disclosure procedures, documentation and information management (Huber, 2013). The most important responsibility which a nurse has is to provide competent and safe nursing care. Any situation which might have an ill effect on the professional standards, or situation where one observes unlawful, unethical and questionable practice has to be reported to the authority or the concerned person (Hood, 2013). However if the issue is still not solved it is the duty of nurse to intervene in the process to protect the rights of the patient and ensure quality care. The nurses in this situation can notify the issue to an external authority if it is not solved by the internal process. Similar provisions are also provided in the conduct statement 4 of the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. Relevance of the Issue In the given scenario controlled medication which is very essential for the patients and belongs to them is evidently stolen by Nurse B. These kinds of practice will not only effect the health of the patients and the quality of care provided to them but also to the trust and faith which services users have on nursing practices. Now in this case it is know that if evidence is provided against the nurse she will surly looses the job. Nurses also have the duty of safeguarding the interest of their colleagues and in the given circumstances if evidence is provided the single mother would lose the job and she would not be able to look after her children. Therefore there is a clash between ethical, professional obligation and personal duties. These kinds of situation subject the nurses to an ethical dilemma about how to proceed with the situation. Reasonable and Correct Approach In this situation the nurses have to give priority to professional ethics over personal obligations. No matter what impact it would have on the personal life of Nurse B , the issue she has been involved in has to be reported. In this case it was also seen that she had been approached with respect to the issue but she denied her involvement in the situation. This was enough to ensure that she is given a warning about the issue and if the problem continues in future it has to be reported to the higher authority at any cost. Moreover nurses have the obligation of abiding by the professional standards provided to them by the code. The Ethical and Professional Issue The major issue which has to be determined in this case is that when medical practitioners should take decisions for a patient against his will. In this scenario Mr. D has been brought to the hospital will chest pain by his son, he claims that it is merely a digestive disorder. Upon diagnosis it was found out that he was actually suffering from a cardiac disease. However even after attempts to explain him about his condition he does not want treatment. While taking a decision about the patient who is unwilling to subject himself to medical treatment the medical practitioners have to ensure that best effort is made to make the patient understand the impact of the disease or treatment on him so that he himself is able to take the decision about whether or not to undergo the treatment. The Mental capacity Act 2008 provides guideline for individuals in Singapore who are in a position to take decision for others who are suffering from temporary or permanent medical incapacity (Parahoo, 2014). The act provides that decision taken towards other must be in best of their interest and before such decision is taken the best effort has to be made to make the individual understand the situation and take the decision himself (Potter et al., 2016). Relevance of the Issue Medical practitioners have difficulty towards understanding which decision would be regarded as reasonable and which would not (Lillemoen Pedersen, 2013). They are bound by the principle of autonomy along with the principle of obligation and working towards the best interest of the individual. No decision in these kinds of situations can be consider being correct as it would have a different point of view for both the patient and the medical practitioners (Grace, 2013). Practitioners have to ensure that they act is best interest of the patient along with keeping in mind that they do not have to incur additional time and cost in relation to treatment. Finding the balance between these two principles is not easy and the practitioners are subjected to legal action more than often if they take a decision which is against the will of the patient. Moreover the burden of proof is on the practitioners to provide that the decision taken towards the patient was supported by strong reasons. Reasonable and Correct Approach In this scenario it is evident the the patient is suffering from a serious heart disease but still he is not agreeing that he needs proper medical treatment in relation to the disease. In this case the doctor has taken all reasonable approaches to make sure that the importance of such treatment is conveyed to Mr. D. in the given circumstances knowing that if treatment is not done than it would result in significant harm and injury to the Mr. D the doctors have the right to take a decision in favor to the treatment. It is to be noted in this case that a carers or family member of the patient is also explain the relevancy and importance of such decision which in this case has been done to the son of Mr. D. Conclusion Concluding this paper it can be stated that there are several issues which health care professionals are subjected to. These issues may arise out of both nurse patient relationship and intra personal relationship between nurses. The most important issue which medical practitioners face with respect to their practice is taking decisions for the patients who are not mentally capable of taking their decision at a specific situation. It is the duty of health practitioner to maintain the balance principle of autonomy and the principle of best interest and obligation towards the patients. The nurses according to the professional code of conduct must also report any action which they think is questionable or may hamper the image of nursing towards the general public. Medical practitioners also have a duty of care towards their patients and such duty have to be complied by with utmost importance. The nurses should also accept accountability towards their action, they must be held responsible for any negligent act committed by them which causes harm to the patient or the nursing profession as a whole. Nurses should also ensure that they take support of the supervisors when they are doing a particular act which would primacy require supervision. In case if support is not available than it is the duty of nurses to delay the treatment till they receive proper supervision. 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